Angelfish

Also known as: Pterophyllum scalare

Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) are laterally compressed cichlids known for their elegant, triangular shape and long, flowing fins. The Angelfish originates from Amazon River basin in South America, including Brazil, Peru, and Colombia, reaches 15 cm in captivity, typically lives 10 years, and is kept at 24-28°C (75-82°F). Individual fish vary, so treat this as a general guide rather than a guarantee.

Key facts

Lifespan: 10 years.
Adult size: 15 cm (6 inches).
Temperament: Semi-aggressive; territorial, especially during breeding; generally peaceful with similarly sized fish but may nip fins of slow-moving or long-finned species.
Minimum tank: 114 liters (30 gallons).
Water temperature: 24-28°C (75-82°F).
pH range: 6.0-7.5.

Species at a glance

Origin: Amazon River basin in South America, including Brazil, Peru, and Colombia
Adult size: 15 cm (6 inches)
Life span: 10 years
Temperament: Semi-aggressive; territorial, especially during breeding; generally peaceful with similarly sized fish but may nip fins of slow-moving or long-finned species
Tank size: 114 liters (30 gallons)
Water temp: 24-28°C (75-82°F)
pH range: 6.0-7.5
Diet: Omnivorous; feeds on high-quality flakes, pellets, frozen or live brine shrimp, bloodworms, daphnia, and vegetable matter such as blanched spinach or zucchini
Other names: Pterophyllum scalare

About the Angelfish

Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) are laterally compressed cichlids known for their elegant, triangular shape and long, flowing fins. Native to slow-moving, vegetated waters of the Amazon Basin, they thrive in soft, slightly acidic conditions. In captivity, they display complex social behaviors and form monogamous pairs during breeding. Their striking appearance and relatively manageable care requirements make them a popular choice for intermediate aquarists.

Lifespan and health

With optimal care, angelfish typically live 8-12 years in captivity, though exceptional specimens may reach 15 years. Lifespan is heavily influenced by water quality, diet consistency, and stress levels; fish kept in stable, well-maintained environments with proper nutrition significantly outlive those in suboptimal conditions. Genetic factors from selective breeding (e.g., veil or albino varieties) may slightly reduce longevity due to increased susceptibility to certain ailments. Common health issues include hole-in-the-head disease (linked to poor water quality and vitamin deficiencies), ich (white spot disease) from temperature fluctuations or new fish introduction, and bacterial infections like fin rot, often triggered by injury or stress. Parasitic infections such as gill flukes or velvet may occur if quarantine procedures are skipped. Preventive measures include quarantining new fish for 2-4 weeks, maintaining stable parameters, and providing a varied diet rich in vitamins. Prompt treatment with appropriate medications is critical upon symptom onset.

Overview

Care and tank setup

Angelfish require a minimum tank size of 114 liters (30 gallons) for a single pair, with larger volumes recommended for groups or community setups. The aquarium should be tall (at least 45 cm / 18 inches) to accommodate their vertical body shape, featuring dense planting with broad-leaved plants like Amazon swords or Vallisneria, driftwood, and open swimming areas. A sandy or fine gravel substrate is ideal, and gentle filtration is preferred to avoid strong currents that stress their delicate fins. Water parameters must be maintained within 24-28°C (75-82°F) and pH 6.0-7.5, with hardness between 3-8 dGH. Perform weekly 25% water changes to keep nitrates below 20 ppm. Angelfish are sensitive to poor water quality, so regular testing is essential. Use a heater and thermometer to ensure stable temperatures, as fluctuations can trigger stress or disease. Feed angelfish 2-3 times daily with small portions they can consume within 2-3 minutes. Offer a varied diet including high-protein foods like frozen brine shrimp or bloodworms 3-4 times weekly, supplemented with spirulina-based flakes or blanched vegetables 2-3 times weekly. Avoid overfeeding, as excess food decomposes quickly and degrades water quality. Remove uneaten food after 5 minutes to maintain tank hygiene.

Adding a Angelfish? Research the species’ adult size and temperament carefully, quarantine new fish before introducing them to your tank, and buy from reputable aquarium stores or breeders.

Sources

Breed information on this page is based on the Wikipedia article on the Angelfish, supplemented with additional research. Reviewed for accuracy.